With strong health systems and awareness, most deaths of children under five years of age are preventable. This study of child mortality in six provinces of Afghanistan (Bamiyan, Daykundi, Ghor, Kabul, Kapisa and Parwan) which were the first to complete the Socio-Demographic and Economic Survey (SDES) provides us with crucial information to inform tailored policy and programming to help reduce Afghanistan’s high burden of child deaths.